(Sohn, 2018) has devised a cream that contains antimicrobial CoNS strains isolated from human skin to inhibit S. aureus. A. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700431, Chaptini, C., Quinn, S., and Marshman, G. (2016). Until recently, the diversity of the cutaneous microbiota was mainly investigated for bacteria through culture based assays subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. Prevalence of facial acne vulgaris in late adolescence and in adults. On the other hand, shotgun metagenomic sequencing provides much higher resolution to differentiate species-, strain- and even single-nucleotide variant (SNV)-level diversification, as all genetic material in the sample is simultaneously sequenced (Oh et al., 2014, 2016; Grogan et al., 2019). Although a number of animal CoNS species have been identified to have inhibitory effects on S. aureus quorum sensing, there are still few studies on quorum sensing between CoNS species on human skin. AD most often develops in early childhood, and up to 70% of AD children demonstrate clearing of the disease or a spontaneous resolution until late childhood even in patients with FLG mutations (Margolis et al., 2014; Mortz et al., 2015; Bieber et al., 2017). Microbiome Analysis of the Human Skin Microbiota. Moving forward, it is clear that the technique of skin microbiome transplantation is only at the initial stages. The harsh physical landscape of skin, particularly the desiccated, nutrient-poor, acidic envi … Michalik M, Samet A, Podbielska-Kubera A, Savini V, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 9:eaal4651. The most recent estimate of prevalence of AD in the adult population is ~10% (Weidinger et al., 2018). Another clue found a decreased relative abundance of Malassezia as the population of S. aureus rise in AD flares (Chng et al., 2016). (2019). Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. (2018) tested the therapeutic potential of topical live R. mucosa in humans for the first time. It is implicated in several severe skin diseases and plays a major role in wound infections. 2, 799–808. Skin microbiome and skin disease: the example of rosacea. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680, Neuman, H., and Koren, O. The severity of AV clinical symptoms depends on the number of non-inflammatory lesions (closed and open comedones), inflammatory lesions (pustules and papules), and the residual pathology of nodules and cysts (Shalita, 2004; Ghodsi et al., 2009). Our company has developed ready-to-use non-invasive collection kits to analyze the lipids and biomarkers of the skin surface from your samples or from those of your clinical center. First-in-human topical microbiome transplantation with Roseomonas mucosa for atopic dermatitis. Microbiol. However, the well-controlled but delicate balance can be perturbed by alterations in the skin microbial communities, namely, dysbiosis, often due to commensals defeated by pathogens competing for space and nutrients, which leads to the occurrence of multiple cutaneous disorders. Immunol. Pheromone cross-inhibition between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Furthermore, it is not clear how microbiome transplantation shapes microbial communities on diseased skin via cell-to-cell communication, but the complexity of communication from intraspecies to interkingdom dense network does play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the cutaneous ecosystem. Characterization of microbiome and human host from three cohorts of microbiome-associated conditions, using multiple 'omics technologies. (2011). Rev. Copyright (2013) The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. J. Genome Res. The skin’s relatively dry environment and normal microbiota discourage colonization by transient microbes. One cue is that Malassezia peaks in greasy skin in infants or adolescence, but AD becomes less common (Havlickova et al., 2008; Seebacher et al., 2008). 9, 244–253. AD can persist into adulthood in certain AD children or begin in adulthood (Garmhausen et al., 2013). Sci. Nature 563, S91–S93. 139, S58–S64. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis from 1999 to 2014: a longitudinal study. Human commensals producing a novel antibiotic impair pathogen colonization. Many less severe, but negatively perceived cosmetic skin phenomena are linked with skin microbes, too. Comparing the makeup of the skin microbial communities between control and AV-prone groups by next-generation sequencing technology, the results demonstrated the relative abundance of C. acnes tending to be consistent in both, which also implied that the skin microbiota might not play a role in AV after all (Sohn, 2018). We examine roles for skin microbes within this ecosystem and how these roles present risk as … (2018). 175, 687–695. 82, 955–961. Med. Invest. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.034, Lichtenberger, R., Simpson, M. A., Smith, C., Barker, J., and Navarini, A. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiy241. A. (2015). In contrast to transplantation of a single microbiota, reintroduction of a cocktail of microbiota has a greater advantage in the level of engraftment. PLoS ONE 7:e34171. We examine roles for skin microbes within this ecosystem and how these roles present risk as … Nat. (2013). Akin to the therapeutic principle appearing in the gut, manipulating microbiota to modulate dysbiosis has been successful in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the control of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) infection (Allegretti et al., 2019) and more recently in leveraging probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum to prevent neonatal sepsis (Panigrahi et al., 2017). (2016). (2016). Acad. We would like to thank all the members of Liu Group who gave valuable suggestions on this manuscript. (2019). Nat. (2019). Venereol. Temporal stability of the human skin microbiome. Sebaceous sites such as the face and torso were dominated by species of the Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) (Scholz and Kilian, 2016) and Staphylococcus genera, whereas moist areas such as the elbow and knee creases were dominated by Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus species (Grice et al., 2009). Today Dis. A single application of S. hominis A9 with anti-S. aureus activity confirmed a significant decrease in S. aureus colonizing mice and pig skin, comparing with application of S. hominis isolates without antimicrobial activity. Mol. 11:eaat8329. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14385, Lomholt, H. B., and Kilian, M. (2010). Rev. Association of systemic antibiotic treatment of acne with skin microbiota characteristics. Two phase 3 trials of dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis. Quorum sensing between bacterial species on the skin protects against epidermal injury in atopic dermatitis. Rev. In addition, the relative abundance of staphylococci evolved closely with AD flare severity (Salava and Lauerma, 2014; Drago et al., 2016; Gonzalez et al., 2016). Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of environmental and public health concerns and contribute to adverse skin attributes such as premature skin aging and pigmentary disorder. These findings lead to a corollary that disease-associated changes in the skin microbial community can sever itself as a “pathogen” and then conjure up a potential therapeutic strategy that adjusting the skin microbiota reverts the consistency of premorbid state by a microbial transplant on the skin. Invest. J. Human skin is the largest epithelial surface for interaction with microbes. In view of this, the analysis of skin microbiota constituents in skin diseases is crucial for defining the role of commensal microbes and treatment of skin diseases. Dermatol. Human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses prevailing in the eukaryotic DNA viral communities depend on the individual rather than anatomical site (Byrd et al., 2017). (2016). Here, 3D models offer an unparalleled opportunity to study the human skin microbiota in a functional way. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors a … Skin commensal malassezia globosa secreted protease attenuates Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. J. Clin. Acad. (2016). 2020 Jun 4;19(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12941-020-00367-x. 31, 1978–1990. Application of a single of microbiota such as S. hominis secretes microbiota-produced antimicrobial peptides (MP-AMPs) or other metabolites [such as autoinducing peptides (AIPs)] to inhibit pathogen S. aureus. This skin microbiota is of high importance for human health and well-being. Furthermore, skin microbiome studies have overwhelmingly focused on the structure of the healthy skin microbiome , , its temporal stability , , , , or the skin microbiome of dermatological conditions , , , , , . C. acnes predominates the microbiota of pilosebaceous units, accounting for up to 90%. genomes (Wu et al., 2015). eCollection 2020. Allergy 14:2. doi: 10.1186/s12948-016-0038-z, Dreno, B., Araviiskaia, E., Berardesca, E., Gontijo, G., Sanchez Viera, M., Xiang, L. F., et al. NIH The study reported here contributes to the broad goals of this project and may have implications for the future treatment of skin disorders. Baseline data on the mammalian skin microbiome elucidates which microorganisms are found on healthy skin and provides insight into mammalian evolutionary history. Nat. 375, 2335–2348. now identify an antibiotic called cutimycin produced by a ubiquitous member of the human skin and nasal microbiota, Cutibacterium acnes . Examples of resident microbes include the following: 1. Allergy Clin. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6500, Lee, D. Y., Yamasaki, K., Rudsil, J., Zouboulis, C. C., Park, G. T., Yang, J. M., et al. Dis. Anaerobe 47, 57–63. Lancet 394, 420–431. J. Search by expertise, name or affiliation. The human skin microbiome. Dis. Microflora are frequently (and more correctly) called the skin microbiota or the skin microbiome. (2012). doi: 10.1099/mic.0.28048-0, Bosi, E., Monk, J. M., Aziz, R. K., Fondi, M., Nizet, V., and Palsson, B. O. A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia. doi: 10.1101/gr.131029.111, Kong, H. H., and Segre, J. Dermatol. The human skin hosts a diverse community of commensal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, which collectively constitute the skin microbiota. Clin. Many less severe, but negatively perceived cosmetic skin phenomena are linked with skin microbes, too. (2012). Furthermore, Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most prominent of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species (Sohn, 2018), which is generally beneficial to the host, appears unexpectedly in AD flares and predominates in less severe flares (Byrd et al., 2017), implying that a disease could arise from dysbiosis of the microbial community without an invading pathogen prevailing in the community. Until recently, the diversity of the cutaneous microbiota was mainly investigated for bacteria through culture based assays subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. The skin is an effective physical barrier against microbial invasion. Amplicon sequencing is the most commonly used for characterizing skin microbiota communities by the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene for bacteria (Jo et al., 2016) or the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the eukaryotic ribosomal gene for fungi (Schoch et al., 2012). Mycoses 51(Suppl 4), 2–15. Identification of a streptolysin S-associated gene cluster and its role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus iniae disease. doi: 10.1007/s11046-008-9100-9, Shalita, A. R. (2004). doi: 10.1126/science.1260144, Bieber, T., D'Erme, A. M., Akdis, C. A., Traidl-Hoffmann, C., Lauener, R., Schappi, G., et al. Subsequently, Myles et al. Adv. Figure 1a presents binary traits for skin microbes. N. Engl. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1523199113, Brouns, S. J., Jore, M. M., Lundgren, M., Westra, E. R., Slijkhuis, R. J., Snijders, A. P., et al. Front. 136, e23–e27. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13965, Eyerich, K., Eyerich, S., and Biedermann, T. (2015). Research techniques made simple: bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in cutaneous research. Infect. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6171.1109, Darabi, K., Hostetler, S. G., Bechtel, M. A., and Zirwas, M. (2009). Clin. (2017). J. For example, these cues can be directly stimulated by S. epidermidis TLR2 signaling or induced by activation of S. epidermidis-specific IL-17+CD8+ T cells that confer protection against skin infection by inducing keratinocytes to secrete cathelicidin and kill distinct pathogens (Figure 4; Naik et al., 2015). J. Pediatr. J. Eur. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.016, Melnik, B. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. (2019). However, RT4 and RT5 were significantly enriched in up to 40% of AV individuals but rarely found in normal individuals. doi: 10.1038/nature18634, Keywords: human skin microbiota, cutaneous disorders, dysbiosis, ecology-based therapy, applications, Citation: Zhou H, Shi L, Ren Y, Tan X, Liu W and Liu Z (2020) Applications of Human Skin Microbiota in the Cutaneous Disorders for Ecology-Based Therapy. 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