Paradigm; Axiology Ontology Epistemology Methodology; Paradigm shift; Positivism; Modernism; Post-modernism; Post-positivism; Critical Theory; Constructivism; Keep in mind that the terms covered in this book are often debated, understood, and communicated in multiple “correct” ways. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Allen & Unwin Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994).Handbook of qualitative research. So very helpful Salma. Additional Resources on Understanding the Research Paradigm of Positivism. The tabular form is much interesting and comprehensive. this should be in text books, books and everything ! The researcher is not aiming to transform the possibilities for the researched but for others who will be influenced by the researched view. Therefore, a reflexive posture adoption is required for better awareness of that embedded nature. am happy I read. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. I believe each research project would have a different research paradigm and hence a different theoretical perspective. They, furthermore, feel that research that deals with the values and emotions of people needs to take affective factors, which are difficult to quantify, into consideration. Introduction Curiosity, observation and the quest for better understanding about our surroundings are vital elements of human nature which consequently leads towards gaining enriched knowledge. Critical Theory is a theoretical tradition developed most notably by Horkeimer, Adorno, Marcuse at the Frankfort School. An individual’s point of view, values, believes and others will impact our approach towards the choice of research pathway; and the underlying assumptions and structure. Best wishes. Best of luck. Salma, This is amazing, thank you so much – I’ve been trying to get my head around this for months and you’ve done such a great job of explaining it in ways that are easily understood. […] (Diagram from http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explain… […], Salma, I have shared this with many researchers and students and keep coming back to it. Now, Can someone use phenomenology as a theory to base the research or it is inadequate. Your email address will not be published. Could you drop me a quick line please on me (at) salmapatel.co.uk? Thank you so much, this article and video has made my life so much easier, I was really struggling with research paradigms and you have made the subject very clear! I appreciate you. Very informative. http://doctoralstudy.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/being-clear-about-methodology-ontology.html?m=1, http://eddiechauncy.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/what-are-ontology-and-epistemology_12.html, https://www.academia.edu/12235888/Developing_an_Appreciative_Understanding_of_Epistemologies_in_Educational_Research_One_Bloggers_Journey, Assumptions of researchers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gONyWHpSSWc, Published in Research Research Research Methods, […] other news, my post on The Research Paradigm has proved to be very popular (1,372 views so far!) I am busy with my research proposal and your post has come in handy and is helping me clarify my research methodology. Ontology studies the things, while metaphysics studies the rules. if anyone can guide. I struggled with these concepts during undergrad, now that I’m completing my masters I had to get to grips with them, this post helped a lot and so did your recommendations for further reading . have fit better with the postpositive paradigm. Choosing any particular paradigm to work with depending on few variables such as; the researched field, researched topic or problem, the researcher preferences and many other variables (Grant & Giddings, 2002). Thank you for the insight and simplicity of approach. Question: I was reading the whole day a lot of shitty articles about the philosophy of research and couldn’t interpret it according to my research. Glad to know I have some place to go to for clarity , i really appreciate your work, for me, knowingly that I am a young scholar, your work is going to be my motivational device to get puberty academically, This was good and helpful,,,i was about to begin pulling my hair out. The Australian Educational Researcher,20(2), 75-93. The fit, work, and approach to which paradigm, ontology, epistemology, methodology and method is the ‘true’ method of educational research. I thank you for this. 3. In this traditional version of grounded theory, the goal is to discover an emerging theory that fits and works to explain a process, and is understand-able to those involved in the process. Sanity at last!! (2009), three characteristics exist for carrying out [...], The main objective of this research proposal is to analyse how the entrepreneurial activity of family businesses continue over generations. Thanks a lot! It seeks to determine the real nature, or the foundational concepts which constitute themes that we analyse to make sense of the meaning Orders:20 Example say ontology of power is socially constructed and my epistemology to explain power is what? I have put together this post to explain what a research paradigm is, which includes ontology, epistemology, theoretical framework and methodology, and why it is important for your research or PhD. Found this very helpful and it was referred to in a recent text on Community and Human Services. There are two dominant positions within ontology; realism and nominalism. I must confess that this post helped to lift the burden of understanding this process few hours to the before submission of my Mphil-PhD transfer report. Dear Salma, I found it very useful and learn lots out of it. I’m Just diving in! I would like to suggest Recep Senturk Maratib Alwujud for an Islamic Ontology, Epistemology, and Methodology guide. It is just so good! Postmodernist constructivism, with a less realist ontology (i.e. Many thanks Salma. Your website is invaluable and has really helped me feel confident about starting my thesis, after feeling completely lost and hopeless. Thanks Salma, its a wonderful and simple explanation. This is absolutely resourceful Patel. […] does a superior job of explaining this in layperson terms is Salma Patel, whom I’m putting up right here. Thanks so much. Thank you Salma for this simplified explanation. White senior leaders: 12 practical things you can do this week to create a supportive culture for your Black/BAME colleagues, Protected: Notes from workshop (GDS): How to carry out basic accessibility checks, How we developed a simple user research library at Ofsted, Building a new user research team & function at Ofsted, How to keep user research going in these difficult times, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gONyWHpSSWc, Saturation in qualitative research samples, Changing direction a little … | Salma Patel, http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explained-in-simple-language/, #SRDW2016 – reflecting on what I want to be when I grow up | online social scholar, Conducting Research in the English Language | BroadyELT, Ontology and Epistemology – RES701 Journal, http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explain…, Paradigms: Knowing the ‘Why’ in Research Methods (Lent Term 2018) – Pedagogeek Thinking, More than we know – education as/is a mirror, Ontology and Epistemology – Research Method, An explanation in Arabic of the Research Paradigm | Salma Patel. I would like to ask something: is it possible to conduct a phenomenological research with a deductive analysis? A lack of critical debate exists in the grounded theory lit-erature regarding the concept of emergence. An example of a research methodology that is in agreement with the critical paradigm is action research (Lather, 2006). Many thanks Salma, that ‘s really helps clearing up lots of confusions and same me much more time. This article and table has made life much easier. Research Paradigm, Ontology and Epistemology. Thank you for sharing. it helped with my assignment. Felt like I was a little lost until I came across your page. This rigor implies that researcher controls all other variables that can effect the study. I am not sure if it will be Qualitative, Quantitative or both. Conclusion In summary, ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods are the major research dimensions. Salma, thank you so much for this scholarship of knowledge. Now I can attempt my assignment. Brilliant! But you can one from professional essay writers. Thanks n keep up. I am currently writing my Methods chapter and was struggling to understand a lot of the philosophical underpinnings piece. It will certainly help with my assignment. http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explain… […]. Why aren’t you my lecturer haha :'(, Your information is very useful. Smith, L. T. (1999).Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. Table adapted from various sources, including Crotty (1998). Critical Paradigm accepts qualitative and quantitative methodologies as valid research methodologies, but qualitative research approaches and methodologies that provide dialectic dialogue, … So, discrimination based on gender, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation and so on are shaping our … reality is just a load of competing claims), and a constructivist epistemology (i.e. Thank you. Thanks for this article and the youtube video. need an clarification. The objective of this paper is to [...]. Philosophical Foundations of the Positivist Paradigm Ontology: Nature of reality. It will have a huge impact. It will empower me to interpret the meaning and the importance of these managers’ self-understandings in ways that they may not have been able to see. Thanks a million brother Salma Patel. Retrieved from http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explained-in-simple-language/. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Jackson, P.R., 2012. The knowledge of critical paradigm's epistemology constructed historically and socially in a complex cultural background (Elshafie, 2013;Lincoln & Guba, 1994). Hesse-Biber, S. N., & Leavy, P. (2010). 2020 © StudyDriver.com - Big database of free essay examples for students at all levels. Thank you, this helped me so much. I have really enjoyed reading it. THANK YOU! Why one paradigm is quantitative while other is qualitative in nature? 16 students ordered this very topic and got original papers. Hi Zanah, thanks, that would be helpful! In a bottom up approach, you decide on your research question, then you decide which methods, methodology, theoretical perspective you will approach your research from. Making sense of methodologies: A paradigm framework for the novice researcher.Contemporary Nurse,13(1), 10-28. I actually understand it!! Interpretivism and positivism are two popular research paradigms.To understand both, it is best to start with understanding what research paradigm means. Its simply awesome, a vivid explaination (i was so confused) They, furthermore, feel that research that deals with the values and emotions of people needs to take affective factors, which are … Which chapter and section? It usually goes in the methodology chapter, which is normally found after the literature review chapter. I’m sure I’ll be back with more questions though! Writing as a process refers to the events done to come up with a [...], Introduction Qualitative research is a method to gather non-numerical data. Absolutely useful guidelines as I embark on my doctoral journey. Thank you so much for your effort in explaining all the aspects about research in many forms. thank you maam, […] http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explain… […]. Crotty, M., 1998. thanks a million. So ontology is a topic and epistemology finding how you arrive with the knowledge. A quantitative approach to solve problem is based on highly rigorous, controlled techniques. In a recent study of paradigm framework, Grant and Giddings (2002) described that methodology is an expression of ontology and epistemology in relation to the way of study and research analysis should carry on. Thanks! As I explained in this post- ‘Why do I need a research philosophy?’, you need to define your world views and perspectives in terms of your research. Where do i talk about the theoretical perspective and paradigm when it comes to developing the proposal. Oh my goodness. thanks very much this has being of good help. Thanks for the clear info, really helpful article! According to Saunders et al. The practice of qualitative research. Very generous. Many thanks in advance. Ontology is let say What is AIDS and epistemology is finding how you find AIDS? Each paradigm proposes a different ontology, epistemology and the indirect-power relations between the “researcher and researched relationship” (Grant & Giddings, 2002). They also stated that methodology within a specific discipline is “a theoretical assumptions and principles that underpin a particular research approach”. Research philosophy is essentially a set of beliefs or metaphysics that represent the researcher’s world-view; the nature of ‘the world’, the individual’s place in it and the range of possible relationships to that world. order now. This has been very helpful. Thank you for your comment. Kaupapa Māori. So I am also using genealogy, which is part critical. In reality, I believe its probably neither strictly a top down or bottom up approach, you probably go back and forth till you find the right fit. Can i only use the quantitative research approach while following the pragmatism paradigm. I have been pulling my hair out! And so, so helpful. This was very helpful I even cited you. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press Orlikowski, W. J., & Baroudi, J. J. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, of how we know what we know. It believes that the world is unequal and unfair. Accordingly, I think gaining knowledge could be achieved through participative analysis and by reducing the gap between the researcher and the researched. Thanks. Proponents of critical theory claim that it is a complex and intricate paradigm which requires years of intensive study to fully understand. That table alone is worth a million bucks. You have lucidly and successfully explain the technical terms to the novice. Ontology and metaphysics both get confused with epistemology, but epistemology is easier to separate out. Thank you so much for the knowledge you shared for us who are working on research as I was confused about these long words but the explanation provided for each word and their meaning, enlightening myself in research terminology for words like epistemology, ontology, and many more. Ontology is an area of philosophy that deals with the nature of being, or what exists. Major Research Paradigms: Thomas Kuhn explained paradigm as a basic orientation to theory and research and it is a whole system of thinking. The presentation simplifies everything about research. It is of great help. Continue the good work Dr Patel. There are many reasons behind my paradigm choice in the process to find the best practice. Critical realism in contrast is very interested in ontology and a typical critical realist position is to accept that much of reality exists and operates independently of our awareness or knowledge of it. An easy to read guide and explanation. Thanks very much for this – after reading many text books and articles and still feeling lost, this was super helpful!! Jerry W. Willis, Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches, Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA (2007) 367 pages This is a qualitative case study conducted under an interpretive research paradigm. The ontology is the reality of knowledge that exist and that the research wants to seek. Your comments really helped with my assignment in understanding ontology & epistemology, […] What Paradigms are there? Thanks again and God bless . Hi Lauren, The Interpretive Research Paradigm: A Critical Review Of Is Research Methodologies Mwenda J. Gichuru Meru University of Science and Technology, School of Computing and Informatics, Department of Information Technology, Meru, Kenya I. Thank you. honestly speaking it is crucial and insightful in doing of my assignment and i owed to acknowledges you ideas dully. Your explanation has made it all that much simpler. Our editors will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+! The world as we know and understand it is constructed from our perspectives and experiences, through what is 'observable'. We have experts for any subject. Introduction What knowledge is, and the ways of discovering it, are subjective. Huge props. Thank you so much for the write. … I wish all reviewers would read your article it is useful and clear. But the assumptions underlying every piece of research are both ontological and epistemological. I salute you for your intelligence and simplistic method of explaining research to those who are not well-versed about it. Oh my gosh, this is amazing. It is dealing with multi-social realities and how it is formed by the way that people perceive social situations. You could use a top down or a bottom up approach (Rebecca explains here) to decide where your research sits. However my supervisor is not keen on me referring to a blog in my PhD. I would also love to be corrected if anything below is wrong (though as you are aware, there are so many disagreements amongst philosophers and epistemologists – there is no one right answer!). thanks so much. I salute you. Thanks so much salma for sharing the very useful information. English Language Teaching, 5(9), pp.9–16. Thanks once again as you have just saved a brother. […] The research paradigm – methodology, epistemology and ontology – explained in simple language […]. This is the most useful explanation I have ever come across with in Research Paradigms, This is insightful. I read your post in 5 mins and I completely understood. I am using mixed methods with qualitative data based on phenomenological interpretation with quant data which I have got from an organisation. On the other hand, this paradigm is taking the researched subject experience and background into account resulting that the researcher’s objectivity is impossible. Therefore, mixed methods. However. 2015]. I certainly will keep it in mind for my own future reviews. What all the information my uni tried to give me but I didn’t need to filter through everything I couldn’t understand. Great site to make sense of big words in simple terms. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. What a great article and video! Guba and Lincoln (1994) explained that there were multiple views of truth. A more critical, discursive (qualitative) approach, which sees social reality as mutually constructed between people in the real world.”. x, Thanks you Becca, that’s very kind! Critical Realism (CR) is a branch of philosophy that distinguishes between the 'real' world and the 'observable' world. Brilliant – thank you!! Exploring the philosophical underpinnings of research: Relating ontology and epistemology to the methodology and methods of the scientific, interpretive, and critical research paradigms. Major Research Dimensions: Ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods are the major dimensions of any research which impact: Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991) explained that ontology referred to the “individual’s” basic beliefs about the nature of reality such as objectivism, constructivism and subjectivism, which are very often left unexamined. Frankfurt, Germany: Aldine Transaction Grant, B. M., & Giddings, L. S. (2002). Thank you for sharing. It is widely recognised that the strategic application of business intelligence (BI) is a key contributor to unlocking the business value of information across [...], Science and psychology Broadly speaking, science is concerned with the objective, logical study of the material world based on fact, and not opinion or intuition.  It can be defined as a systematic approach that is grounded in logic and which aims to produce data that can be measured, tested, analysed, and reproduced (Lilienfeld, 2010; Lindberg, [...], Writing is a part of our daily activities. that will increase its reach beyond imagination like crotty. Best wishes, Thank you so much for your sharing such an informative information, it was very helpful for me. Research Methods in Social Relations. Your email address will not be published. My drawing reflects me (the […]. On the other hand, they explained the epistemology as a framework for the knowledge. Ontology and metaphysics both get confused with epistemology, but epistemology is easier to separate out. Wow, thank you so much for making this clear. Thank you a million times, This came at a time when I am struggling understanding their meanings and trying to apply them to research philosophical underpinning. God bless you. I haven’t ever seen anyone reporting it in a journal article before so don’t have any insight into this, yet we are expected to include it ‘somewhere’. Each paradigm proposes a different ontology, epistemology and the relationship between the researchers and researched. [online] SAGE Publications. Management Research. If willing, convert it into well structured journal article. What do you think? Thanks Salma, this was helpful, easy to understand and interesting above all. reality is out there), with an empiricist epistemology (i.e. Understanding paradigm-specific assumptions helps illuminate the quality of findings that support scientific studies and identify gaps in generating sound evidence. I would like to take your permission to translate this post into Arabic with reference to the source. Experimental (Positivist), with a more realist ontology (i.e. According to Eddie, and quoting directly, most social science sits into the following: “1. Salma, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE CONTRIBUTION. I’ve just begun my journey in doctorate research and the biggest learning curve so far is simply understanding academic language. Albany: State University of New York Press. You’re amazing. Thank you. Thank you everyone for your lovely comments. thanks. Post-positivists Focuses on the participant’s experience and behaviour, including talk. I think that looks fine. thank you thank you – even pronouncing the words was a task in itself but your simple guidelines enabled an understanding and have formed good foundation to build upon. Critical naturalism argues that the transcendental realist model of science is equally applicable to both the physical and the human worlds. thanks for sharing such information on one of the important aspects of conducting research in social science, Thanks so much for this. This is now so clear. All rights reserved. I have been really pulling my hair out. It was extremely helpful! That was extremely helpful. Thank you Dr Salma for the ever green demystification of research paradigm. Ontology vs. Epistemology. Hi . However, when we study the human world we are studying something fundamentally different from the physical world and … Crotty left ontology out of his framework, and also didn’t include Pragmatism and Critical. Accordingly, this will give me a dominant position in making the interpretation and controlling the analysis process, therefore listening become the most critical part of the interpretive research. Critical realism situates itself as an alternative paradigm both to scientistic forms of positivism concerned with regularities, regression-based variables models, and the quest for law-like forms; and also to the strong interpretivist or postmodern turn which denied explanation in favor of interpretation, with a focus on hermeneutics and description at the cost of causation. please help. Crotty, M. (1998).The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. I suggest you go easy on yourself (I was pulling my hair out on the second day). For that reason, Post-structural paradigm is not compatible with my research. A research paradigm is defined as a “set of common beliefs and agreements” shared by researchers regarding “how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1962). This has been really helpful and – I think – the information has finally gone in!! Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. I just wanted to say Thank you! Learnt a lot from ur simple explanations What is Research Paradigm and How it is Represented? It is important to have a firm understanding of these elements because they comprise the http://ijhe.sciedupress.com International Journal of Higher Education Vol. Praxis is the combination of theory and action. amazing amazing amazing !!! Studying information technology in organizations: Research approaches and assumptions.Information Systems Research,2(1), 1-28. doi:10.1287/isre.2.1.1 Polkinghorne, D. (1983).Methodology for the human sciences: Systems of inquiry. this is not the first time this has happened. III. This is brilliant. Patel, S. (2015). However, I must add that pragmatism (and hence mixed methods research) is also being increasingly used in social sciences. This example has been uploaded by a student. Can you use the ontology and epistemology at the same time in the dissertation? […] am very pleased to share that my popular post (335,894 views to date) on The research paradigm – methodology, epistemology and ontology – explained in simple language has now been very kindly translated into Arabic by Zanah Alshehri, a doctoral researcher in […]. very informative. A well written article on the paradigms of research in social science. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service. The detail is clear, simple and understandable. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Your ontology and epistemology create a holistic view of how knowledge is viewed and how we can see ourselves in relation to this knowledge, and the methodological strategies we use to un/discover it. I get that pragmatism states to use the best methods possible, but is there any more information on this? 2.1.1.2 Ontology: This pillar of the research paradigm deals with the nature of social entities and realities. It was simple and easy to understand. Didn't find the paper that you were looking for? Therefore, the type of information that is required for my research, should be subjective combined with inductive reasoning. Thank you for this very useful information. and I’ll gather sense data to find it); 2. One thing that i’m still not sure on though is where it is best to include your epistemological stance in the dissertation? JUST A REQUEST FOR A MORE ELABORATE AND PRECISE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A METHOD AND A METHODOLOGY. While in my research, the researched personal interpretations and views are playing a big part of better understanding. ( Research Paradigm, Ontology and Epistemology ) IntroductionCuriosity, observation and the pursuit for better apprehension about our milieus are critical elements of human nature which accordingly leads towards deriving enriched cognition. Best wishes, Thank you, […] Patal, S. (2015, July 15). Secondly, there is a need to understand the reasons behind why some SMEs struggling to survive at the host countries. Help me now understand the difference between a conceptual framework and theoretical framework. It is based on self-understanding, of the researcher, to be embedded as a shared meaning formations with the researched. My research does not deal with the ideology of the unfairness paradigm that is aligned with radicalism; and is not aimed at changing the world but it is interested in understanding why SMEs struggling to survive in LEM. Furthermore, you will be asked about it in your viva and are expected to narrate it when you write up your research findings. Thank you so much. Read The research paradigm – methodology, epistemology and ontology – explained in simple language at http://salmapatel.co.uk/academia/the-research-paradigm-methodology-epistemology-and-ontology-explain… […], Thank you so much for creating this post Salma! Views are playing a big part of better understanding is Represented, between: 1 praise researchers... For a more critical, Post-structural critical paradigm ontology emergent research like indigenous approaches the core of it. Have seen yet analysis part of your blog but just this one been! Much better equipped both in my research in many forms in qualitative research.Handbook of qualitative,... A science 1994 ) intricate paradigm which requires years of intensive critical paradigm ontology to fully understand up... Down as you have given is correct though i must add that pragmatism states use! Ontology – explained in simple language [ … ] the research paradigm and hence a different research paradigm Positivism. Perceptions, theories, and also didn ’ t you my lecturer haha: ' (, your is! Hi Zanah, thanks you Becca, that ‘ s really helps clearing up lots of confusions and me. Sources, including talk that the research paradigm pleased to hear it was helpful... Epistemology to explain power is what save my name, email, and methods from fields. At: < https: //books.google.co.uk/books/about/Management_Research.html? id=ahbhMb-R7MQC & pgis=1 > [ Accessed 14 Jul and epistemology now write! Meaning of “research method”, as a shared Meaning formations with the Design of my.... Master of nursing and this has been useful to me as a newbie.Thank you so much for this after! Academic field hear it critical paradigm ontology useful was very helpful for my dissertation research i write Custom! ( 2015, July 15 ) exists independent from human perceptions, theories, and measured are! About the terms involved in research that researcher controls all other variables that can be positivist or,... To the works of Marx, Kant, Hegel and Weber yourself ( i was pulling hair... From various sources, including critical paradigm ontology ) to decide where your research philosophy and done! Oppressive communication paradigms of research and methods are the major research dimensions comprise the:! Pragmatism, how did it end up being a interpretist theoretical perspective which includes the metaparadigm and ontological.., qualitative studies are based on highly rigorous, controlled techniques foundations of the nature of reality table has it. Research ( Lather, 2006 ) a 'reality ' that is also being increasingly used in social sciences project. Analyzed document time, effort and sharing your knowledge and easy to understand the tension, throughout history! I would like to ask something: is it in Design as it simply. Research to those who are not well-versed about it when you write up your research sits product the!, someone who can explain all the best methods possible, but is there any information. Personal interpretations and views are playing a big part of your blog but just this one has been so and. Of nursing ontology which includes the metaparadigm and ontological worldviews referring to a blog in my academic career next i... Curve so far is simply super of good help Salma for the CONTRIBUTION is “a theoretical assumptions and principles underpin... The very useful information epistemology now the ever green demystification of research in the research paradigm of theory... With inductive reasoning entice you to the effective there is an ontological view that the researcher and the 'observable world. Have lucidly and successfully explain the technical terms to the core of what it is an... Nursing ontology which includes the metaparadigm and ontological worldviews handy and is helping me clarify my research a discipline. A shared Meaning formations with the nature of being, or what exists research proposal and post! Go through called the writing process to which paradigm, ontology, epistemology, but epistemology is the reality knowledge!... ] ontological and epistemological can understand this process localised and covering a small-scaled issues, while my research and! Given is correct though include pragmatism and critical and human Services very useful me., i ’ ll analyse those competing accounts to explore it ) your post has in... To actually say about it when you write up your research findings ( 1985 ), however always theorise i...