Before and during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90), the Druze were in favor of Pan-Arabism and Palestinian resistance represented by the PLO. Beirut and Sidon, which Fakhr-al-Din II beautified, still bear traces of his benign rule. [193] Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islam – Where Do the Druze Fit? In fact, for more than four decades, the Israeli military had a primarily Druze infantry unit called the Herev, or sword battalion. Also, the Druze formed an alliance with Britain and allowed Protestant missionaries to enter Mount Lebanon, creating tension between them and the Catholic Maronites. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title al-Darazi is Persian in origin, meaning "the tailor". However, studies done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 1] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 2] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Their theology has a Neo-Platonic view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some gnostic and other esoteric sects. The uprising was encouraged, for political reasons, by the British. [20][37] Druze believe in theophany and reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul. The ruins of this castle still stand on a steep hill overlooking the town. The divine call or unitarian call is the Druze period of time that was opened at sunset on Thursday 30 May 1017 by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah and closed in 1043 by al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, henceforth prohibiting anyone else from converting to the Druze faith. They live primarily in the Galilee and the Golan Heights, and are classified as a separate religious group, with their own courts and their own jurisdiction in matters such as marriage, divorce, and adoption.. [241], These findings are consistent with the Druze oral tradition, that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years. [134], The prayer-houses of the Druze are called khalwa or khalwat. The European powers then determined to intervene, and authorized the landing in Beirut of a body of French troops under General Beaufort d'Hautpoul, whose inscription can still be seen on the historic rock at the mouth of Nahr al-Kalb. Similarities between the Druze and Christians include commonalities in their view of monogamous marriage and divorce, as well as belief in the oneness of God and theophany. The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the Wadi al-Taym in Southern Lebanon, which is named after an Arab tribe Taymour-Allah (formerly Taymour-Allat) which, according to Islamic historian al-Tabari, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the Euphrates where they had been Christianized prior to their migration into the Lebanon. Here are five facts about Druze in Israel: 1Nine-in-ten Israeli Druze say they have a strong sense of belonging to the Druze community and about the same number (93%) say they are proud to be Druze. [110][page needed], When a local paper in 1945 reported that President Shukri al-Quwatli (1943–49) had called the Druzes a "dangerous minority", Sultan Pasha al-Atrash flew into a rage and demanded a public retraction. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the sanjaks (districts) of Sidon-Beirut and Safed in a newly formed province of Sidon, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control. The Druze religion is based principally on reincarnation. Fakhr-al-Din was captured, taken to Istanbul, and imprisoned with two of his sons in the infamous Yedi Kule prison. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. This mirrors other religious groups living within the country; only 1% of married Muslims and Christians and 2% of married Jews say their spouse belongs to another religion. He later took refuge in Jezzine's grotto, closely followed by Küçük Ahmet Pasha who eventually caught up with him and his family. They are said to have descended from Jethro, the priest of Midian who was Moses’ father-in-law (Exodus 18:1), and they recognize him as their principal prophet and founder of their religion. This is in contrast with Israeli Arabs, who are exempt from military service. With only about 1.5 million Druze worldwide, ... Each colour and horse symbolizes one of the religion's five main prophets. In the Epistles of Wisdom, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad warns al-Darazi, saying, "Faith does not need a sword to aid it". This time the prince decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Ali in Wadi al-Taym was the beginning of his defeat. by Extinctanimals22 Plays Quiz not verified by Sporcle In the outcome of the revolt, 2,000 Druze were killed, a similar number wounded, and hundreds of Druze fighters imprisoned. The juhal (“ignorant ones”) accept the faith on the basis of the tradition handed down from generation to generation. Druze tradition also honors several “mentors” and “prophets,” including Jethro of Midian (Moses’ father-in-law), Moses, Jesus, John the Baptist and the Prophet Muhammad. The Druze strictly avoid iconography, but use five colors ("Five Limits" خمس حدود khams ḥudūd) as a religious symbol:[year needed] green, red, yellow, blue, and white. Druze tradition also honors several “mentors” and “prophets,” including Jethro of Midian (Moses’ father-in-law), Moses, Jesus, John the Baptist and the Prophet Muhammad. The stripes are a diagrammatic cut of the spheres in neoplatonic philosophy, while the five-pointed star embodies the golden ratio, phi, as a symbol of temperance and a life of moderation. The Druze religion is a small, old, unique, and mysterious practice. The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. [citation needed] The Druzes of Wadi al-Taym and Ḥawran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters, al-Laja, lying southeast of Damascus. 19, No. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World. They are found primarily in Syria, Lebanon and Israel, with small communities in Jordan. labeled them as infidels and argued that, even though they might behave like Muslims on the outside, this is no more than a pretense. It appeared in the Levant during the reign of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, (996 - 1021). But there are no set holy days, regular liturgy or obligations for pilgrimage, as Druze are meant to be connected with God at all times. One advisor to the Syrian Defense Department warned in 1946 that the Syrian army was "useless", and that the Druzes could "take Damascus and capture the present leaders in a breeze". [204] The Druze faith does not follow Sharia nor the Five Pillars of Islam, such as the Salah five times every day, paying the Zakat, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca. Conversions are not permitted in the Druze religion, because they believe that the first generation after the establishment of the Druze religion had an opportunity then to join the religion, and everyone alive today is reincarnated from that generatio… At the end of the 17th century (1697) the Shihabs succeeded the Ma'ans in the feudal leadership of Druze southern Lebanon, although they reportedly professed Sunni Islam, they showed sympathy with Druzism, the religion of the majority of their subjects. [79] These sources assert that al-Hakim rejected al-Darazi's claims of divinity,[52][80][81][page needed] and ordered the elimination of his movement while supporting that of Hamza ibn Ali. [91], Following Mulhim's death, his sons Ahmad and Korkmaz entered into a power struggle with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. The Druze conception of the deity is declared by them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity. By comparison, more Israeli Christians (31%) and Israeli Muslims (45%) say being Christian/Muslim is mainly a matter of religion to them. Al-Farouqi also disarmed the population, extracted significant taxes, and launched a census of the region. [75] Epistle thirteen of the Epistles of Wisdom called it "A spiritual doctrine without any ritualistic imposition". [76], In 1043, al-Muqtana Baha'uddin declared that the sect would no longer accept new pledges, and since that time proselytism has been prohibited awaiting al-Hakim's return at the Last Judgment to usher in a new Golden Age. The Druze are Arabic-speaking citizens of Israel and serve in the Israel Defense Forces, just as most citizens do in Israel. Because profit Jethro standed on this rock. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal[118] and was a cornerstone for the Cedar Revolution in 2005. In August 2001, Maronite Catholic Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir toured the predominantly Druze Chouf region of Mount Lebanon and visited Mukhtara, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The battle was fought between two Druze factions: the Yemeni and the Kaysi. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the general Syrian and Lebanese populations, as well as a variety of Jewish groups (Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi, and Moroccan) (Behar et al. [139] Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles. This autonomy was maintained until World War I. The khalwat may be known as majlis in local languages. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity, and other religious beliefs. About a third of Druze (32%) say “it depends,” when asked about prospects for peaceful coexistence. The relationship between the Druze and Jews has been controversial,[215] Anti-Jewish (antisemitic) bias material is contained in the Druze literature such as the Epistles of Wisdom; for example in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana,[216] probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused Jews of killing the sacred prophets. Literature. As a religious minority in every country in which they are found, they have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes. The military balance of power in Syria was tilted in favor of the Druzes, at least until the military build up during the 1948 War in Palestine. [40] Scholars argue that Druze recite the Shahada in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid persecution by Muslims. I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal, who is out of couples and numbers, (someone) the son of (someone) has approved recognition enjoined on himself and on his soul, in a healthy of his mind and his body, permissibility aversive is obedient and not forced, to repudiate from all creeds, articles and all religions and beliefs on the differences varieties, and he does not know something except obedience of almighty Moulana Al-Hakim, and obedience is worship and that it does not engage in worship anyone ever attended or wait, and that he had handed his soul and his body and his money and all he owns to almighty Maulana Al-Hakim. But unlike the Kurds, who are largely Muslim, the Druze are a unique religious and ethnic group. The Druze are both a unique religious and a unique ethnic group whose history dates back to the 11th century AD. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha, Beylerbey of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule. One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India.[90]. This culminated in the civil war of 1860. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with Jews compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians.[232]. Also called the Druse, Duruz, Duroz, and the Tawhid faith, there are about 750,000-800,000 of them today, primarily in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. [239] This haplogroup originates from prehistoric South Asia and has spread from Pakistan into southern Iran. A look at its history might give you a clue. Following their dramatic defeat, the Yemeni faction migrated to Syria in the Jebel-Druze region and its capital, As-Suwayda. The Druze (/druːz/;[18] Arabic: درزي‎ darzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz; Hebrew: דְּרוּזִי‎ drūzī plural .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Frank Ruehl CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}דְּרוּזִים‎, druzim) are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group[19] originating in Western Asia who self-identify as The People of Monotheism (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn). However, the rest of the world tends to refer to them as "Druze" or "Druse", a name which some believe was derived from an early preacher Muhammad al-Darazi. For Druze in particular, this lack of religious intermarriage may also be a reflection of the community’s history. [240], Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. The clashes ranged from Antioch to Alexandria, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army,[50] "this mass persecution known by the Druze as the period of the mihna". Since that ban, the Druze population has continued to exist solely based on the continuation of its previous generations. Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Face Cachée des Druzes " Les Francs-Maçons de l'Orient" , 251 pages, Editeur : Independently published (6 juillet 2020), Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Les Druzes et la Franc-maçonnerie", in, Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Points de convergence dans les rituels et symboles chez les Druzes et chez les francs-maçons", in, Pinhas Inabri "Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islam – Where Do the Druze Fit? [26][27], The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith. They wear al-mandīl on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths. [54] In the early stages of the movement, the word "Druze" is rarely mentioned by historians, and in Druze religious texts only the word Muwaḥḥidūn ("Unitarian") appears. The religion was established around 1017 in Egypt and North Africa, when the sixth Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amrih Allah, declared himself the incarnation of God (“Druze… Take the Quiz: The Druze Religion. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Druze religious books are accessible only to the initiates, the uqqal (“knowers”). 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA His increasingly chauvinistic notions of Arab nationalism were predicated on the denial that "minorities" existed in Syria. Druze are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought. The most influential of al-ʻuqqāl become Ajawīd, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. At the end of 2018, there were 143,000. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. [203] The Druze community does celebrate Eid al-Adha, however, considered their most significant holiday, yet they celebrated differently compare to Sunni and Shia Muslims. Most of the community supported the Progressive Socialist Party formed by their leader Kamal Jumblatt and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the Lebanese Front that was mainly constituted of Christians. The Druze believe he went into Occultation with Hamza ibn Ali and three other prominent preachers, leaving the care of the "Unitarian missionary movement" to a new leader, al-Muqtana Baha'uddin. Thus, God is perceived as the Lahut [the divine] who manifests His Light in the Station (Maqaam) of the Nasut [material realm] without the Nasut becoming Lahut. [10] Most Israeli Druze identify ethnically as Arabs. This is done in order to keep the religion from those who are not yet prepared to accept the teachings and therefore could misunderstand it, as well as to protect the community when it is in danger. [142][143][200][201][202] Within Islam, however, such a concept of theophany is a denial of monotheism. Archaeological assessments of the Druze region have also proposed the possibility of Druze descending from Itureans,[237] who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and Golan Heights in late classic antiquity, but their traces fade in the Middle Ages. It shall thus become a rule to mankind; and Divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come. [242], A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. [52][83], It was during the period of Crusader rule in Levant (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains. Druze survivors "were found principally in southern Lebanon and Syria". [96][162][163][164] The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili. The souls of those who took the vows during the call are believed to be continuously reincarnating in successive generations of Druze until the return of al-Hakim to proclaim a second Divine call and establish a Golden Age of justice and peace for all. Recognition of prophets in the Druze religion is divided into three sort-of subcategories, the prophet themselves (natiq), their disciples (asas), and witnesses to their message (hujjah). The BBC describes Jumblatt as "the leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". [47][48] Many Yemenite Druzes thereupon immigrated to the Hawran region, and thus laid the foundation of Druze power there. [131] Reincarnations occur instantly at one's death because there is an eternal duality of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body. The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon,[117] and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. They can pray as ... More info. He read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, which caused riots and protests against his claims and many of his followers were killed. Emir Mulhim exercised Iltizam taxation rights in the Shuf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn, and Kisrawan districts of Lebanon. [38] Christianity teaches evangelism, often through the establishment of missions, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts to their faith. [157], The second type of religious shrine is one associated with the anniversary of a historic event or death of a prophet. Druze religion. [38] The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity,[30][31] and other religious beliefs. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the Golan Heights, 183 from the Galilee, and 35 from Mount Carmel, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon. [50][52], Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic dārisah ("she who studies"). Druze reject polygamy, believe in reincarnation, and are not obliged to observe most of the religious rituals. They strongly believe in mysticism and reincarnation, and hold Moses , Jethro, John the Baptist, Jesus and Mohammed all to be prophets. Even more painful for the Druze community was his publication of "falsified Druze religious texts" and false testimonials ascribed to leading Druze sheikhs designed to stir up sectarian hatred. [140], Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts,[141] he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax [133], The Druze also use a similar formula, called al-'ahd, when one is initiated into the ʻUqqāl. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, Druze are not considered Muslims, although Al Azhar of Egypt recognizes them as one of the Islamic sects akin to Shia. Members of the community have attained top positions in Israeli politics and public service. The Seven Druze precepts are:[138], Complicating their identity is the custom of taqiyya—concealing or disguising their beliefs when necessary—that they adopted from Ismailism and the esoteric nature of the faith, in which many teachings are kept secretive. To complete the subscription process, please click the link in the email we just sent you. [92] Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662. [55] He also stated that "they loved the Jews". After each drinker, the metal straw is cleaned with lemon rind. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. In 1017, Hamza officially revealed the Druze faith and began to preach the Unitarian doctrine. They make up roughly 2% of the country’s population and most live in the northern regions of the Galilee, Carmel and the Golan Heights. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. [198] Islam teaches dawah, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts to their faith. [74] It promoted absolute monotheism and the concepts of supporting your fellow man, true speech and pursuit of oneness with God. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. [84] The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of Aleppo. ( fakhr AD Din 's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of sons. By them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity Allah, ( 996 - 1021 ) Forces! 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